Analysis Of Rene Descartes Discourse On The Method Essay

Rene Descartes’ â€Å"Discourse on the Method† focuses on distinguishing the human rationale, apart from animals and robots. Wherein, he does so by explaining how neither animals, nor machines possess the same mental faculties as humans. For Descartes distinguishes the human rationale apart from non-humans, even though he does agree the two closely resemble each other because of their sense organs, and physical functions (Descartes, pp22). Nevertheless, it is because the mechanical lacks a necessary aspect of the mind, which consequently separates them from humans. For in Descartes â€Å"Discourse on the Method,† he argues that the noteworthy difference between humans, and the mechanical is that machines are only responding to the world through of their sense organs. Whereas humans possess the significant faculties of reasoning, which allows them to understand external inputs and information obtained from the surrounding environment. This significantly creates a dividing ‘line’, which separates humans from non-humans. For in this paper, I will firstly distinguish the differences between the human and mechanical’s mentality in regards to Descartes â€Å"Discourse on the Method†. Secondly, I will theorize a modern AI that could possess the concept of an intellectual mind, and then hypothesize a powerful AI that lacks the ability to understand its intelligence. Lastly, in disagreeing in why there are no such machines that is equivalent to the human mind. For humans don’t possess all theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Rene Descartes s Work Discourse On The Method Of A Machine1316 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout his work Discourse on the Method, Rene Descartes discusses the things he believes to be true concerning thought. He discusses the things which he believes to be more perfect and the things which he believes to be less perfect (pt 2, para 1). When comparing the two, he eventually comes to the conclusion that things that are more perfect are constructed by fewer hands and have specific purpose (pt 2, para 1). He also introduces in the opening portion of his work that his opinion of goodRead MoreRene Descartes: French Mathematician and Philosopher Essay1855 Words   |  8 PagesRene Descartes: An Author Study Rene Descartes was a 17th Century mathematician and French Philosopher whose lifes work focused on providing a new prospective on the human perception of reality. The definition of this reality is seen as Descartes greatest life goal. Coined as the Father of Modern Philosophy, (Cunningham Reich, 2010, p. 385), Descartes laid the groundwork the philosophy and reality as we perceive it today. Descartes autobiography, Discourse on the Method of Rightly ConductingRead MoreThe Relationship of the Mind and the Body: The Person1071 Words   |  5 Pageson its own, performing its functions as usual, and in the same manner as if it was still in union with its partner? In his book, Discourse on the Method and Meditations on First Philosophy, Rene Descartes analyzes the mind and the body as two entirely distinct and separate entities. Through his analysis, he concludes that the mind does not need the body to exist. Descartes argues that since we are at the basest form, â€Å"thinking thi ngs,† our bodily senses are not necessary to our minds and to knowingRead MoreThe Life of Rene’ Descartes: His Works and His Beliefs in God1578 Words   |  7 PagesWas Rene’ Descartes just a visionary of truth, mathematical equations or was he truly a man that knew he was born to tell the world about life, knowledge, and how it all came together metaphorically? Please see the research on Rene’ Descartes cited accomplishments. Descartes was known as the first modern philosopher. Famous for making a connection between geometry and algebra, which allowed for solving of geometrical problem by way of algebraic equations, which promoted a new conception of matterRead MoreComparative Analysis Of Rene Descartes s Philosophy1084 Words   |  5 PagesComparative analysis Every philosopher interprets knowledge in different ways and also has unique approaches to the Liberal Arts. In history, the great philosophers based their findings off of science and reasoning . One such philosopher was Josef Pieper who followed the Neo-Thomistic belief . In other words, he looked to bring back the medieval education on philosophy and Roman catholic theology. He also involved himself in the study of sociology as well due to the issues that were present in theRead MoreDescartes Mind and Body1480 Words   |  6 PagesDescartes’ Mind Body Dualism Rene Descartes’ main purpose is to attempt to prove that the mind that is the soul or the thinking thing is distinct and is separate from the body. This thinking thing was the core of himself, which doubts, believes, reasons, feels and thinks. Descartes considers the body to be an extended unthinking thing; therefore it is possible that one may exist without the other. This view is known as mind-body dualism. He believes that what he is thinking in his mind is what GodRead MoreDescartes s Discourse On Method890 Words   |  4 Pages In his Discourse on Method, Rene Descartes asserts that all human beings are equal in their ability to reason and that any differences in opinion are not a result of a difference in ability to reason, but in the application of the reasoning. Descartes begins his argument for this claim by stating that rational thought and reason is what separates humans from animals, and that if all people have this ability to reason, then that must be the distinguishing feature of humanity. He goes on to explainRead MoreEssay about Human Beings and Nature: The Scientific Revolution1689 Words   |  7 PagesFrancis Bacon, Isaac Newton, and Rene Descartes, the Scientific Revolution proves to be a crucial piece to the puzzle of understanding the effects of humansà ­ interactions with the natural world. The changes produced during the Scientific Revolution were not rapid but developed slowly and in an experimental way. Although its effects were highly influential, the forerunners Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton, Francis Bacon, and Rene Descartes only had a few hundred followersRead MoreFrancis Bacon and Rene Descartes2288 Words   |  10 PagesConnections and Contrasts of Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes | | | | The Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting Ones Reason and of Seeking Truth in the Sciences is one of the most influential works in the history of modern philosophy, and important to the evolution of natural sciences. In this work, Descartes tackles the problem of skepticism. Descartes modified it to account for a truth he found to be incontrovertible. Descartes started his line of reasoning by doubting everythingRead More Rene Descartes Essay1094 Words   |  5 PagesRene Descartes was a famous French mathematician, scientist and philosopher. He was arguably the first major philosopher in the modern era to make a serious effort to defeat skepticism. His views about knowledge and certainty, as well as his views about the relationship between mind and body have been very influential over the last three centuries. Descartes was born at La Haye (now called Descartes), and educated at the Jesuit College of La Flà ¨che between 1606 and 1614. Descartes later claimed

The ‘60s Culture and Music Essay - 1478 Words

Throughout history, music have defined or depicted the culture and social events in America. Music has constantly played an important role in constituting American culture, where people have expressed themselves through music during flourishing and turbulent times. In the 1930’s, Swing music created a platform for audiences to vent their emotions in the midst of Great Depression and political unrest. Such strong relationship between music and culture can be seen throughout history, especially in the sixties. The ‘60s were the age of youth, as millions of children’s from post World War II became teenagers and rebelled against the conservative fifties. Denying civil rights to African-Americans and liberation to teenagers in previous†¦show more content†¦As the popularity of black artist started to build, especially in America, new variations of gospel and RB developed; forming soul and funk. Were in the past, black musicians were ignored by the record companies, because they were not part of the music business model. Establishment of Motown in April 1960, granted opportunities to young African-American singers or a platform to reach vast audiences, were in the past were subjugated. Motown provided various church gospel singers like Sam Cooke, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye and others to showcase their talents. Writes Ricky Vincent: â€Å"The music followed the people, as both matured and grew to new levels of independence and meaning†. (Vincent, 3) Sam Cooke’s brilliant â€Å"Change is going to come†, â€Å"Keep on pushing† and Stevie Wonders â€Å"Heaven Help us All†, are some of the great example of popular black music. The song’s depicted decade’s long struggles and racial brutality faced by blacks, and challenge society to change the status quo. Vincent Writes â€Å"Music that went beyond the personal issues, dealt with higher forces and spoke of the society.†(Vincent, 4) Outside the black community, white artists such as Bob Dylan and Joan Baez played a prominent role in civil rights movement. They raised issue of civil inequality, while performing songs like: â€Å"The Times They Are a-Changin† and â€Å"We Shall Overcome† during the â€Å"March on Washington for Jobs and freedom†. Like civil rights movement, Vietnam War also createdShow MoreRelatedDefining the Humanities Essay1179 Words   |  5 Pagescultural event of music and how music was an expression of what I know about the humanities, art, style, genius, and culture from the 60s. I will also discuss how the music of the 60s compares with other forms I know about from the same period. One of the definitions of humanities, according to the American Heritage Dictionary, is â€Å"Those branches of knowledge, such as philosophy, literature, and art, that are concerned with human thought and culture; the liberal arts.† Culture is a big part ofRead MoreMusic Of The 60s Help Shape Modern Australian Society1259 Words   |  6 Pages In what ways did music in the 60s help shape modern Australian society â€Å"People today are still living off the table scraps of the sixties. They are still being passed around - the music and the ideas.† This was pronounced by Bob Dylan, a folk musician of the sixties: an era in which the music heavily influenced the culture of the time and continues to influence the music and culture today. The music and artists of the 60s influenced radio and television, the music, fashion and lifestyles of theRead More Pop Culture in 1960s and 1990s Essay802 Words   |  4 PagesPop Culture in 1960s and 1990s   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In comparing the sixties and the nineties, my first thought was how much popular culture has changed since then and how different society is today. The strange thing is, the more I tried to differentiate between them, the more similarities I found. Both the sixties and the nineties were about youth, creativity, free-thinking, and expression. With the nineties coming to a close and the popularity of anything ?retro, I decided to compare the fashions, peopleRead MoreThe Effects of The Beatles Legacy1271 Words   |  5 Pagesand early 60’s was a conservative country having recently been involved in World War II and the Korean war, and now facing the rising tide of communism. Americans were missing that little bit of excitement in their lives and people were very inhibited. They needed an outlet to let their suppressed feelings out. Then came four lads from England that would soon shock the world, who called themselves the Beatles. The Beatles in the 1960â₠¬â„¢s positively impacted America by changing the music industry andRead MoreAnalysis Of Adornos Critical Attack On Popular Music1686 Words   |  7 Pagespopular music. The essay will briefly provide some context on Adorno. Adorno claims that â€Å"listeners are made not born†, thus listening is a cultural practice, in which modernity has transformed into a profit (Adorno, 2002:248). By this, the essay will begin by focusing on the broader idea of the culture industry, in terms of commodities and popular music as not being critical. Following on, particular focus will be given to three main areas which convey Adorno’s criticism of popular music. These beingRead MoreHockey Hall Of Ice Show Essay956 Words   |  4 Pagesand need to be represented in media (film). Media Kiosk 3: Website The 60s and Protest Music I will be reviewing the website entitled The 60s and Protest Movies. This website outlines the historical and political impact of music released in the 1960s. Due to the political and social climate in the 60s, musicians used their platforms to take a political stance. I chose to review this website because I believe that music can impact the world in a very serious way. In the modern age, people placeRead More The British Music Invasion: The Effects on Society and Culture1349 Words   |  6 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"So the British invasion was more important as an event, as a mood: than as music† (Bangs, 171). This was the British invasion. I wasn’t just about the music, it was more then that; this is what makes it so unique. It didn’t just happen to effect America by chance, it lifted the spirits and moods of its youth. It isn’t just coincidence that Kennedy was assassinated right before the Beatles famous Ed Sullivan Show performance. The whole country was in a deep depressiveRead MoreThe representation of youth in a clockwork orange and If....1437 Words   |  6 Pagesin the 60s and 70s and how each film can be links historical to the time they were released and the reception the films got from the public. The 60s and 70s saw the rebirth of the â€Å"teenager† and the end of post-war limitations; teenagers were being represented in a different light. In the sixties certain pop culture icons like ‘The Beatles’ and ‘the rolling stones’ also helped to create the idea of the teenager, with the fashions changing the introduction the age of the drug and club culture and teenageRead MorePink Floyd s Impact On British Culture1458 Words   |  6 Pages Pink Floyd’s Impact on British Culture Pink Floyd is one of the most known Psychedelic Rock bands to ever exist. They were a game changer within the music business and appeared countless times on British’s top 100 list. Most of their music including the album â€Å"The Dark Side of the Moon† had important political subject to talk about. They were apart of the British Invasion (although the band itself originated from Cambridge London, England). Their name, roles within the band, and even theRead MoreHow Rock N Roll Changed America Essay1241 Words   |  5 Pages Rock ‘n’ roll has played a major role in some known historical developments post World War 2. Music plays a significant part in America s Cold War culture. Music gave us a sense of new technologies and helped the world to prosper. It also is linked with African Americans living in the South. Music was known for shaping the lives of the people during the 1950s and 1960s. Music was geared towards the youth, race, ethnicity, gender and class. â€Å"All Shook Up: How Rock ‘n’ Roll Changed America†

Universal Health Care In Singapore Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Universal Health Care In Singapore. Answer: Introduction: Health care can be considered one of the necessities that each and every individual of the society has a right to. However, various external and internal factors continue to influence the health care provided to different sectors of the society. These elements are diverse, and they vary greatly, ranging from race to gender to age to socioeconomic status, and all the different factors facilitate health care disparities in both accessibility of care and quality of care. However there have been some strategies being implemented to reduce the disparities prevalent in the health care system by the global healthcare monitoring authorities, and universal health coverage policy is one of the robust steps that have been taken to improve the situation. Out of all the countries that have implemented universal health coverage scheme, Singapore had been the country that has achieved excellent progress in their health care system by incorporating this strategy. And that is the reason why the healt hcare system of Singapore is considered as the role model for other countries to look up to (Boerma et al., 2014). This assignment will attempt to explore how Singapore has adapted to the universal health coverage scheme and how it has contributed to overall progression in both their health care system. Overview of Singaporean health care: As per the recent statistics shared by the World Health Organization, the healthcare system in place in Singapore is ranked 6th position from the top of the global list and is considered to be the provider of 4th best healthcare standards in global comparison. Along with that, it has to be mentioned that Singapore is also deemed to have the best health care system in all of Asia, and Singapore proudly serves as the showcasing representative for providing outstanding medical technology and optimal health care standards. The island state has a population of 5.4 million and the surprising elements that attract the attention of the world towards its revolutionary health care system, is the universal coverage or accessibility that it has provided, and appreciable health benefits provided at minimal government spending. According to the Alma-Ata principle of WHO, one of the most significant components of global health improvement strategies is the universal health coverage; the health care system of Singapore entertains universal health coverage at the heart of their policies and principles (Boerma et al., 2014). The presiding health care body for Singapore is the Ministry of Health or MOH, and this authoritative entity is responsible for policies and protocols being designed and implemented in Singapore. The mission statement for the health care system in place in Singapore is to accelerate multidimensional transformation in the healthcare sector by means of introducing infocomm-enabled care delivery system. To meet this goal the MOH invested 6.6 billion dollars in the year of 2015 which is approximately 30% higher than that of 2014. Elaborating more on the history of the progress made by the MOH in the past decade, it has to be mentioned that the turning point for the health care system had been the establishment of health promotions board in the year 2001, which facilitated the disease prevention and national health programs in the nation. The health care system of the nation in the present day scenario is governed by the healthy living masterplan, that by the end of 2020 acclaims to make extensive health care services accessible and affordable for all the citizens regardless of their socio-economic standing. Regarding annual government expenditure, Singapore takes pride in the fact that it spends half of what the rest of the developed countries spend on the healthcare, roughly 4.7% GDP. There are three core principles that have been developed over the course of the past decade in the Singaporean health care system; the first principle integrates the concepts of preventative health care strategies with robust health promotional campaigns and promoting healthy lifestyles. It has to mentioned in this context, that under the guidance of Mr Khaw Boon Wan, the health minister for Singapore in the past decade, the government realized the need for integrative early and accessible primary health care services; and improvement can only be facilitated by improving both the quality and cost-effectiveness of care (Chongsuvivatwong et al., 2011). The second principle of Singaporean health care system promotes healthy living by the 3M system, Medisave, Medishield, and Medifund. Medisave can be defined as the national insurance scheme which provides the citizens with both primary hospitalization expenses and few outpatient treatments as well, by their compartmentalized savings for the medical expenses. Medishield, on the other hand, is a rather complementary scheme to the Medisave scheme, which provides the citizens with catastrophic insurance coverage. Lastly, Medifund is the endowment fund that is operated and generated by the government which is designed to help the citizens with their health care expenses is not compatible to be covered by their Medisave and Medishield. This health care coverage scheme is the key facilitator in the radically low annual government spending in the nation and yet having decent life expectancy rates (Moh.gov.sg.). Considering the progress of the healthcare delivery pattern of Singapore, it has to be mentioned that 80% of the advanced primary care is provided by the public hospitals and the entire transition in the dependency from the privatised sectors to public sectors happened in the last decade itself. The growth in the public health care services can be represented by the fact that in the year 2010, there had been 11509 hospital beds, with 8881 from public sectors and rested from privately owned facilities. Hence it can be stated that the health care system of Singapore has witnessed a progressive growth in the last decade and adhering to the idea of universal health coverage has helped it attain the place that it has in the global list (Guinto et al., 2015). Health care principles facilitating universal coverage: The primary understanding of the universal health coverage scheme is the fact that it entertains the accessibility given to each and every citizen using curative, preventative, palliative and rehabilitative health services. The principle objectives of the universal health coverage scheme are to establish and maintain equity in health care service accessibility, maintaining the quality benchmark for the services provided and protecting the citizen from the financial risk of healthy acre expenses so that all the socio-economic sectors of the society can avail similar health care coverage. It was declared by the WHO in the year of 1989 in the Alma Ata declaration for all the nations to follow. For the Singaporean context, one of the key measures taken to improve the health care services had been to adhere to the UHC scheme (Holmes, 2012). Now one of the key principles that have been followed in order to ensure optimal adherence to the UHC is a strong policy focus at promotional and preventative care pattern for the non-communicable diseases. The Singaporean health care system adapted to a philosophy that boasts a shared responsibility between the government and the citizens to ensure healthy living. Their health care policies like affordable care policy hint at compliance to this key philosophy, so that there is an informed responsibility of the patients and their families to ensure healthy living, while the government overlooks the funding and maintaining cost-effectiveness of the entire health care services. The cost-effectiveness of the healthcare expenditure is maintained in the Singaporean health care services by the help of incentivising the health care providers; so that the financial risk to citizens is mitigated effectively. Hence it can be stated that the government of the Singaporean context provides a safe ty net to the citizens while the citizens contribute financially according to their preferences for their future in a government controlled insurance scheme (Ibrahimipour et al., 2011). It has to be mentioned in this context that the main principle of the UHC is to ensure that health care services are accessible to each and every sector of the society and there should not be any disparity in the delivery of the care services. In order to maintain compliance with this key principle of UHC, a robust and sound monitoring policy is a mandate for the government. In case of Singaporean health care, there is no such monitoring framework, however it has to be mentioned that the key indicators for accessibility, quality and affordability is reported by the Key performance indicator system to the ministry of health (McKee et al., 2013). The role played by the government: he healthcare system in Singapore has seen a drastic change in the past decade, and the most of the credit for the same goes to the initiatives invested by the government. Between the window of 1999 to 2010, the Singaporean health care has seen a rapid boost in the life expectancy in general facilitated by a radical decrease in the premature mortality, coronary heart conditions, cancer and stroke. And this appreciable outcome in the healthcare sector has achieved by the Singaporean government by just spending 4% of the annual GDP. Now this has been possible for the nation to achieve only by the health care expenditure maintenance scheme introduced by the Singaporean government under the guidance of the former health minister Mr Khaw Boon Wan (Tan et al., 2014). The revolutionary steps that the government has taken to ensure the overall accessibility of the health care services distributed to the citizens with equity rather than equality is commendable. The public funding scheme introduced by the government has three different yet interconnected variables. As discussed above, these three elements are nothing hut three insurance coverage schemes that allow the citizens to invest their share in accordance to their affordability and in turn be able to access excellent hospitalisation expenses and along with that coverage for specific outpatient care services as well. Elaborating more on this context, it has to be mentioned in this context that Medisave allowed the citizens to save their own pennies so that their own future can be secured in terms of primary health care expenses, while Medishield provided coverage to the citizens for catastrophic health care needs or incidences. Lastly, the Medifund is the endowment scheme that is the proverbial safety net for the citizen from the government and for the unfortunate ones whose insurance coverage cannot cover the health care expenses they have exhausted. This public funding scheme or system incorporates the principle of equity into the entire scenario so that the support is given to the individuals who need it the most (Tangcharoensathien et al., 2014). Now it has to be mentioned in this context, that the uniqueness of the health care system established in Singapore does not provide a linear or equal health care services to all socioeconomic sectors of the society. Instead, this health care system covers the different needs of different sections of the society with justice and equity. Hence, this initiative from the Singapore government provides the essential element that ensures adherence to the UHC scheme maintaining absolute accessibility to the citizens. Along with that it also has to be mentioned that the Singapore governments deserves more appreciation for the incentivising scheme that propels the healthcare providers to adhere to the system, and along with that the monitoring indicator system also ensures that the compliance to the UHC scheme is not interrupted in any manner (Wirtz et al., 2017). Conclusion: On a concluding note, it has to be mentioned that the Singapore has been successful in presenting an illustration at a remarkable development in the extensive health care delivery for all the nations to follow. By the virtue of three pillars of progress, incentivising, coverage monitoring, and financial protection, it has been able to reduce their annual spending at health to the half of what the rest of the world pays. And yet maintain a quality standard that is truly enviable; all the while shifting the focus of the citizens to public health sectors from privatised entities. Hence, it can be hoped that the initiatives taken by the government in facilitating this revolutionary transition can be an excellent benchmark for the rest of the countries to follow in order to establish equity and uncompromised quality in health care. References: Boerma, T., AbouZahr, C., Evans, D., Evans, T. (2014). Monitoring intervention coverage in the context of universal health coverage. PLoS medicine, 11(9), e1001728. Boerma, T., Eozenou, P., Evans, D., Evans, T., Kieny, M. P., Wagstaff, A. (2014). Monitoring progress towards universal health coverage at country and global levels. PLoS medicine, 11(9), e1001731. Chongsuvivatwong, V., Phua, K. H., Yap, M. T., Pocock, N. S., Hashim, J. H., Chhem, R., ... Lopez, A. D. (2011). Health and health-care systems in southeast Asia: diversity and transitions. The Lancet, 377(9763), 429-437. Guinto, R. L. L. R., Curran, U. Z., Suphanchaimat, R., Pocock, N. S. (2015). Universal health coverage in One ASEAN: are migrants included?. Global health action, 8(1), 25749. Holmes, D. (2012). Margaret Chan: committed to universal health coverage. The Lancet, 380(9845), 879. Ibrahimipour, H., Maleki, M. R., Brown, R., Gohari, M., Karimi, I., Dehnavieh, R. (2011). A qualitative study of the difficulties in reaching sustainable universal health insurance coverage in Iran. Health policy and planning, 26(6), 485-495. McKee, M., Balabanova, D., Basu, S., Ricciardi, W., Stuckler, D. (2013). Universal health coverage: a quest for all countries but under threat in some. Value in Health, 16(1), S39-S45. Moh.gov.sg. (2017). Moh.gov.sg. Retrieved 7 October 2017, from https://www.moh.gov.sg/ Rodney, A. M., Hill, P. S. (2014). Achieving equity within universal health coverage: a narrative review of progress and resources for measuring success. International journal for equity in health, 13(1), 72. Saksena, P., Hsu, J., Evans, D. B. (2014). Financial risk protection and universal health coverage: evidence and measurement challenges. PLoS medicine, 11(9), e1001701. Savedoff, W. D., Ferranti, F. D., Smith, A. L. (2012). Transitions in Health Financing and Policies for Universal Health Coverage. Washington, DC: Centre for Global Development. Tan, K. B., Tan, W. S., Bilger, M., Ho, C. W. (2014). Monitoring and evaluating progress towards universal health coverage in Singapore. PLoS medicine, 11(9), e1001695. Tangcharoensathien, V., Limwattananon, S., Patcharanarumol, W., Thammatacharee, J. (2014). Monitoring and evaluating progress towards universal health coverage in Thailand. PLoS medicine, 11(9), e1001726. Tangcharoensathien, V., Patcharanarumol, W., Ir, P., Aljunid, S. M., Mukti, A. G., Akkhavong, K., ... Mills, A. (2011). Health-financing reforms in southeast Asia: challenges in achieving universal coverage. The Lancet, 377(9768), 863-873. Wagner, A. K., Quick, J. D., Ross-Degnan, D. (2014). Quality use of medicines within universal health coverage: challenges and opportunities. BMC health services research, 14(1), 357. Wirtz, V. J., Hogerzeil, H. V., Gray, A. L., Bigdeli, M., De Joncheere, C. P., Ewen, M. A., ... Mller, H. (2017). Essential medicines for universal health coverage. The Lancet, 389(10067), 403-476. World Health Organization. (2015). Tracking universal health coverage: first global monitoring report. World Health Organization.